Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India refers to legal actions initiated in a court of law for the protection of public interest or the enforcement of legal and constitutional rights, where the petitioner is not directly affected. The concept of PIL evolved to empower citizens to seek justice for issues that impact the larger public.

Key points about Public Interest Litigation in India:

Origin and Evolution: PIL originated in the 1970s as a means to provide access to justice to marginalized and underprivileged sections of society. The concept gained prominence through judicial activism, with the Supreme Court playing a crucial role in expanding its scope.
Access to Justice: PIL allows any individual or organization to approach the judiciary on behalf of those who may not have the means or resources to seek legal redressal themselves. The focus is on addressing issues affecting the public at large, such as environmental concerns, human rights violations, corruption, and administrative irregularities.
Wide Scope: PIL encompasses a broad range of issues, including environmental protection, consumer rights, labor rights, public health, and the rights of marginalized communities.
The judiciary has been proactive in taking suo-motu cognizance of matters affecting public interest.
Role of Judiciary: The judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court and High Courts, has played a crucial role in shaping and expanding the scope of PIL.
Judges have used PIL as a tool for social justice, intervening in matters where there is a failure of executive and legislative action.
Public Interest Advocates: PIL cases are often taken up by public interest advocates or lawyers who voluntarily represent the interests of the affected parties or the public at large.
These advocates play a vital role in bringing issues to the attention of the courts and ensuring effective representation.
Impact and Criticisms: PIL has been instrumental in bringing about positive social and legal changes in India.
However, there are criticisms, including concerns about judicial overreach, potential misuse, and the need for a balance between individual rights and societal interests.
Landmark Cases: Numerous landmark cases in India have been filed as PILs, leading to significant judicial pronouncements and reforms. Examples include the MC Mehta cases related to environmental protection and the Vishaka case addressing sexual harassment at workplaces. Public Interest Litigation in India reflects a unique approach to justice, emphasizing the judiciary’s role in safeguarding the rights and interests of the public. While it has been a powerful tool for social justice, ongoing discussions and debates continue to shape its application and impact.